Research Using Patients Who Fit The International Consensus Criteria
2023
Brainstem volume changes in ME/CFS and long COVID patients
Thapaliya, Marshall-Gradisnik, Barth, Eaton-Fitch & Barnden (Australia) – ICC & CCC – 02 March 2023 -“We observed a larger volume for the whole brainstem and pons in ME/CFS patients compared with Healthy Controls. … The brainstem contains the nuclei of the reticular activation system which control arousal, the sleep/wake cycle, gait, and memory via cortical connections and cardio-respiratory function (Costa et al., 1995; Garcia-Rill et al., 2013, 2016). Therefore, brainstem dysfunction is consistent with the symptoms experienced by ME/CFS patients including cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbance, orthostatic intolerance, and dyspnea. … The brainstem regulates respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological processes and its impairment can explain the overlapping symptoms of ME/CFS and long COVID.”
Symptom-based clusters in people with ME/CFS: an illustration of clinical variety in a cross-sectional cohort
Vaes, Ban Herck, Deng, Delbressine, Jason & Spruit (Netherlands & US) – ICC, CCC & Fukuda – 10 February 2023 – “This study demonstrated that in ME/CFS there are subgroups of patients displaying a similar pattern of symptoms. These symptom-based clusters were confirmed in an independent ME/CFS sample. Classification of ME/CFS patients according to severity and symptom patterns might be useful to develop tailored treatment options. … Almost 90% of the participants fulfilled the Fukuda case definition, compared to 80%, 59% and 39% fulfilling the IOM, CCC and ME-ICC case definitions, respectively. “
2022
Connectivity between Salience and Default Mode Networks and subcortical nodes distinguishes between two classes of ME/CFS
Su, Thapaliza, Eaton-Fitch, Marshall-Gradisnik and Barnden (Australia) – ICC & Fukuda – 13 December 2022 – “In this study, we acquired resting state and task fMRI with an advanced scanner for improved subject numbers: 24 healthy controls (HC) and 42 ME/CFS patients, 18 meeting International Consensus Criteria (ICC) and 24 meeting Fukuda criteria. … Different regulatory connections are consistent with the impaired cognitive performance and sleep-wake cycle of ME/CFS. Different neuropathology is involved in ICC and Fukuda classes. … This is the first objective medical evidence that the questionnaire-based diagnosis does indeed differentiate between two different disease states. This facilitates a clearer understanding of ME/CFS and can better direct research and therapy development.”
The occurrence of hyperactivated platelets and fibrinaloid microclots in ME/CFS
Nunes, Kruger, Proal, Kell & Pretorius (US, UK, South Africa & Denmark) – ICC – 27 July 2022 – This offers insight into abnormalities found in the blood of #pwME. The paper entitled “The occurrence of hyperactivated platelets and fibrinaloid microclots in ME/CFS” used patients recruited via the ME/CFS Foundation of South Africa and were asked to complete the International Consensus Criteria (ICC) questionnaire to gain an understanding of their perspective of disease severity.
The study showed “The presence of fibrinaloid microclots and associated coagulation issues are present in ME/CFS, and point to a systemic vascular pathology and endothelial inflammation.”.
This paper follows-up on findings in patients with Long Covid and showed a comparison of results stated as: “However, it is important to note that the fibrinaloid burden in ME/CFS seems to be less than that present in LongCovid/PASC”
Ensuring the Voice of the Very Severely Affected ME/CFS Patient Is Heard in Research – A Research Model
Helen Baxter (UK) – ME-I: While this research does not refer specifically to the ICC, the Severe ME patient group falls into the ICC category – 08 July 2022 – “By making the necessary reasonable adjustments, such as direct outreach and the option to complete the questionnaire by telephone or texting, very severely affected patients were enabled to participate and provided invaluable contributions. This study aimed to act as a model for future researchers.”
The higher resting heart rate in ME/CFS patients compared to healthy controls: relation with stroke volumes
van Campen & Visser (Neatherlands) – ICC & Fukuda – 30 June 2022 – “Already at rest heart rate in patients developing POTS [postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome] during tilt-testing were higher compared to the patients with a normal heart rate and blood pressure response per unit of SVI [stroke volume index], but the heart rate of the majority of all patients fell within the limits of normal of healthy controls. The difference of patients with heart rate above the upper limit versus between the upper limit and lower limit deserves further investigation and may have therapeutic implications.”
Animal Models for Neuroinflammation and Potential Treatment Methods
Tamura, Yamato & Kataoka (Japan) – ICC – 27 June 2022 – “The pathogenesis of ME/CFS is linked with viral or bacterial infection-induced neuroinflammation…. Neuroinflammation is thought to be mitigated by suppressing immune response in the central nervous system as well as in the periphery. Herein, we reviewed the anti-inflammatory effects of three compounds using animal models and highlight the potential of these anti-inflammatory drugs to alleviate symptoms in patients with ME/CFS.”
Alteration of Cortical Volume and Thickness in ME/CFS
Thapaliya, Staines, Marshall-Gradisnik, Su & Barnden (Australia) – ICC – 22 April 2022 – “Our study detected significantly reduced cortical volume and thickness in ME/CFS patients compared with HC. We found that amygdala volume was significantly higher in ME/CFS patients. We also observed that cortical volume and thickness relationships were abnormal in regressions with clinical and autonomic measures. Overall, our findings suggest altered cortical volume and thickness in ME/CFS patients relative to heathy controls.”
Volumetric differences in hippocampal subfields and associations with clinical measures in ME/CFS
Thapaliya, Staines, Marshall-Gradisnik, Su & Barnden (Australia) – ICC – 31 March 2022 – “Our study found left hippocampal subiculum, presubiculum, and fimbria volumes were significantly larger in ME/CFSICC patients compared with HC, but not for ME/CFSFukuda patients. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that multiple hippocampal subfield volumes are different in ME/CFSICC patients meeting the strict ICC case definition, and they exhibited strong associations with clinical measures. Therefore, the strict case definitions are essential in investigation of the pathophysiology of ME/CFS. Subiculum and parasubiculum volumes were larger in ME/CFS in contrast to reductions seen in other neurological disorders.”
Impaired TRPM3-dependent calcium influx and restoration using Naltrexone in natural killer cells of ME/CFS patients
Eaton-Fitch, Du Preez, Cabanas, Muraki, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia, France & Japan) – ICC – 16 February 2022 – “TRPM3-dependent Ca2+ influx was restored in ME/CFS patients following overnight treatment of isolated NK cells with NTX in vitro. Collectively, these findings validate that TRPM3 loss of function results in altered Ca2+ influx supporting the growing evidence that ME/CFS is a TRP ion channel disorder and that NTX provides a potential therapeutic intervention for ME/CFS … ME/CFS patients were included if they met the CCC or ICC case definitions…”
For more info see this video by researchers explaining their TRPM research at https://www.youtube.
Psychogenic Pseudosyncope: Real or Imaginary? Results from a Case-Control Study in ME/CFS Patients
van Campen & Visser (The Netherlands) – ICC – 09 January 2022 – “The diagnosis of ME/CFS was made according to the ME/CFS criteria of the International Consensus Criteria (ICC)” … “Furthermore, we speculate that the misperceptions that ME/CFS has a behavioral or psychiatric origin may have contributed to the long delay before the proper diagnosis was reached. … The abnormal cerebral blood flow reduction while being upright makes it clear, that the origin of the attacks might not be behavioral or psychogenic, but have a clear somatic pathophysiologic background. This must be taken into consideration in patients with frequent syncopal spells and the extracranial Doppler measurements before and at end-tilt have the potential to improve the evaluation of recurrent syncope and presyncope, and might avoid misdiagnosis of a behavioral origin.”
2021
The maintained attention assessment in patients affected by ME/CFS: a reliable biomarker?
Murga, Aranburu, Gargiulo, Gomex-Esteban & Lafuente (Spain & Argentina) – ICC & Fukuda – 04 December 2021 – “There were no significant differences between genders in GIAP or fatigue for CFS/ME; however, sick women perceive cognitive effort higher than men. Deficits in sustained attention and the perception of fatigue, so effort after performing the proposed test are a sensitive and reliable indicator that allows us to substantiate a clinical suspicion and refer patients for further studies in order to confirm or rule out CFS/ME.”
Characterization of IL-2 Stimulation and TRPM7 Pharmacomodulation in NK Cell Cytotoxicity and Channel Co-Localization with PIP2 in ME/CFS Patients
Du Preez, Eaton-Fitch, Cabanas, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia & France) – ICC – 12 November 2021 – “Importantly, these current data, along with previous studies reporting TRP dysfunction and altered expression patterns in the NK cells of ME/CFS patients provide evidence for potential channelopathy as the pathomechanism for ME/CFS. Prospective Ca2+ influx assays, isotyping, and patch-clamp electrophysiology provide additional avenues for further characterizing TRPM7 in the pathomechanism of this illness for possible targeted pharmacotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of ME/CFS.”
Limbic Perfusion Is Reduced in Patients with ME/CFS
Xia Li, Per Julin & Tie-Qiang Li (Sweden & China) – ICC – 01 November 2021 – “The differences in the rCBF [regional cerebral blood flow] between the ME/CSF patients and healthy controls were statistically assessed with voxel-wise and AAL ROI-based two-sample t-tests. Linear regression analysis was also performed on the rCBF data by using the symptom severity score as the main regressor. In comparison with the healthy controls, the patient group showed significant hypoperfusion (uncorrected voxel wise p ≤ 0.001, FWE p ≤ 0.01) in several brain regions of the limbic system, including the anterior cingulate cortex, putamen, pallidum, and anterior ventral insular area. For the ME/CFS patients, the overall symptom severity score at rest was significantly associated with a reduced rCBF in the anterior cingulate cortex. The results of this study show that brain blood flow abnormalities in the limbic system may contribute to ME/CFS pathogenesis.”
Cerebral blood flow remains reduced after tilt testing in ME/CFS patients
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (The Netherlands & U.S.) – ICC – October 2021 – “The finding that orthostatic stress elicits a post-stress cerebral blood flow reduction and that disease severity greatly influences the cerebral blood flow reduction may have implications on the advice of energy management after a stressor and on the advice of lying down after a stressor in these ME/CFS patients. … The diagnosis of ME/CFS was established according to both the ME and CFS criteria (Carruthers et al., 2011, Fukuda et al., 1994), taking exclusion criteria for ME/CFS and any other illness that could explain symptoms into account..”
Potential Implications of Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 in the Pathophysiology of ME/CFS: A Review
Du Preez, Cabanas, Staines, & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia & France) – ICC – While this paper uses the ME/CFS label, the patient group referenced is ME-ICC. ~ MEI – 12 October 2021 – “In this review, we present TRPM7 as a potential candidate in the pathomechanism of ME/CFS, as TRPM7 is increasingly recognized as a key mediator of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms affecting neurological, immunological, cardiovascular, and metabolic processes. A focused examination of the biochemistry of TRPM7, the role of this protein in the aforementioned systems, and the potential of TRPM7 as a molecular mechanism in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS will be discussed in this review. TRPM7 is a compelling candidate to examine in the pathobiology of ME/CFS as TRPM7 fulfils several key roles in multiple organ systems, and there is a paucity of literature reporting on its role in ME/CFS.”
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveals Neuronal Microstructural Changes in ME/CFS
Thapaliya, Marshall-Gradisnik, Staines & Barnden (Australia) – ICC – 06 August 2021 – “In this study, we evaluated [Diffusion Tensor Imaging] DTI parameters to investigate microstructural abnormalities in ME/CFS patients. We estimated DTI parameter in 25 ME/CFS patients who met Fukuda criteria (ME/CFS-Fukuda), 18 ME/CFS patients who met International Consensus Criteria (ICC) (ME/CFS-ICC) only and 26 healthy control (HC) subjects. … Our study demonstrated that DTI parameters are sensitive to microstructural changes in ME/CFS-ICC and could potentially act as an imaging biomarker of abnormal pathophysiology in ME/CFS. The study also shows that strict case definitions are essential in investigation of the pathophysiology of ME/CFS … The group analysis using a voxel-based method detected differences in diffusion metrics in ascending and descending tracts in the medulla, pons and midbrain of the brainstem in ME/CFS patients, but only for those meeting ICC criteria. This demonstrated the importance of strict case definitions for ME/CFS.”
Note: While the ME/CFS label is used, this is applicable to ME. Bold highlight was added by MEI.
Evaluating Routine Blood Tests According to Clinical Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria in Individuals with ME/CFS
Baklund, Dammen, Moum, Kristiansen, Duarte, Castro-Marrero, Helland & Strand
(Norway, Spain) – ICC & CCC – 14 July 2021 – “Case criteria applied: The CCC were used as inclusion criteria when the patients initially were diagnosed by the clinicians. In the current study DSQ was applied for diagnostic classification based on different diagnostic criteria and this revealed that all the 149 patients fulfilled the Fukuda case definition, and 93.3% (n = 139) fulfilled the CCC, and 63.1% (n = 94) patients fulfilled the ICC criteria. … Results of several routine blood tests of ME/CFS patients differed from those healthy controls. Our findings particularly highlight that decreased creatinine and CK levels may indicate greater muscle damage and metabolic disturbances in ME/CFS patients and is worthy of future studies. This is also true of results that may indicate a possible low-grade inflammation in ME/CFS patients.”
Elements of Suffering in ME/CFS: The Experience of Loss, Grief, Stigma, and Trauma in the Severely and Very Severely Affected
Fennell, Dorr & George (USA) – ICC – 09 May 2021 – “This review article examines the suffering of patients with ME/CFS through the lens of the Fennell Four-Phase Model of chronic illness. Using a systems approach, this phase framework illustrates the effects of suffering on the patient and can be utilized to help the clinician, patient, family, and caregivers understand and respond to the patient’s experiences. We highlight the constructs of severity, uncertainty, ambiguity, and chronicity and their role in the suffering endured by patients with ME/CFS.”
Even though this report uses ME/CFS, it applies to ME. ~ MEI
Deconditioning does not explain orthostatic intolerance in ME/CFS
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) – ICC & Fukuda – 04 May 2021 – This study shows that in ME/CFS patients orthostatic intolerance is not caused by deconditioning as defined on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. An abnormal high decline in cerebral blood flow during orthostatic stress was present in all ME/CFS patients regardless of their %peak VO2 results on cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Effects of Post-Exertional Malaise on Markers of Arterial Stiffness in Individuals with ME/CFS
Bond, Nielsen, and Hodges
(New Zealand) – ICC – March 2021 – “The current study builds upon the growing evidence that patients with ME/CFS may suffer from impaired vascular function which remains unchanged following exercise. We have shown that ME/CFS patients may experience altered vascular responses following aerobic exercise, contrary to what is seen in healthy populations. This is thought to be a result of the increased presence of oxidative stress and low-grade vascular inflammation, which may be exacerbated by exercise and contribute to the onset of PEM.”
Skewing of the B cell receptor repertoire in ME/CFS
Sato, Ono, Matsutani, Nakamura, Shin, Amano, Suzuki & Yamamura
(Japan) – ICC, CCC & Fukuda – 27 March 2021 – Conclusion: “… we revealed a biased usage of several IGHV genes in peripheral blood B cells from ME/CFS patients. Results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis further indicated a possibility of distinguishing patients from healthy controls, based on the skewed B cell repertoire.”
Open-label study with the monoamine stabilizer (-)-OSU6162 in ME/CFS
Haghighi, Forsmark, Zachrisson, Carlsson, Nilsson, Carlsson, Schuit & Gottfries
(Sweden, The Netherlands) – ICC & Fukuda – 02 February 2021 – Conclusion: “(‐)‐OSU6162 is well tolerated in ME/CFS patients and shows promise as a novel treatment to mitigate fatigue and improve mood and health‐related quality of life in ME/CFS. Obviously, the present results need to be confirmed in future placebo‐controlled double‐blind trials.”
2020
Deep phenotyping of ME/CFS in Japanese population
Kitami, Fukuda, Kato, Yamaguti, Nakatomi, Yamano, Kataoka, Mizuno, Tsuboi, Kogo, Suzuki, Itoh, Morioka, Kawaji, Koseki, Kikuchi, Hayashizaki, Ohno, Kuratsune & Watanabe (Japan) – ICC & Fukuda – 16 November 2020 – Conclusion: “Our study points to a cluster of sleep-related molecular changes as a prominent feature of ME/CFS in our Japanese cohort.”
The Economic Impacts of ME/CFS in an Australian Cohort
Close, Marshall-Gradisnik, Byrnes, Smith, Nghiem & Staines (Australia) – 21 August 2020 – Conclusion: The economic impacts of ME/CFS in Australia are significant. Improved understanding of the illness pathology, diagnosis, and management, may reduce costs, improve patient prognosis and decrease the burden of ME/CFS in Australia.
Validation of the Severity of ME/CFS by Other Measures than History: Activity Bracelet, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and a Validated Activity Questionnaire: SF-36
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) – 14 August 2020 – This study confirms the validity of the ICC severity grading.
Review of case definitions for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
Lim & Son (Republic of Korea) – 29 July 2020 – “…ME/CFS has been named differently (e.g., postviral fatigue syndrome, neurasthenia) depending on the perspectives of the researchers; likewise, diagnostic criteria or case definitions have also been changed accordingly.” Conclusions: “In this review, we found three key factors that have affected ME/CFS case definitions: etiology, pathophysiology, and exclusionary disorders. These factors have impacted the specification of the main symptoms, required conditions, and range of inclusive and exclusive symptoms/disorders in the development of case definitions.”
Altered Structural Brain Networks Related to Adrenergic/Muscarinic Receptor Autoantibodies in CFS
Fujii, Sato, Kimura, Matsuda, Ota, Maikusa, Suzuki, Amano, Shin, Yamamura, Mori and Sato (Japan) – 01 July 2020 – Conclusion: “Our findings suggest that β1 AdR‐Ab and β2 AdR‐Ab are potential markers of ME/CFS.”
Cognitive Function Declines Following Orthostatic Stress in Adults With ME/CFS
van Campen, Rowe, Verheught and Visser (Netherlands, USA) – 26 June 2020 – Conclusion: “As measured by the N-back test, working memory remains impaired in adults with ME/CFS following a 30-min head-up tilt test.”
Epidemiological and Clinical Factors Associated With Post-Exertional Malaise Severity in Patients With ME/CFS
Ghali, Richa, Lacout, Gury, Beucher, Homedan, Lavigne & Urbanski (France) – 22 June 2020 – Conclusion: “We identified some epidemiological and clinical features, which were positively associated with PEM severity in subsets of ME/CFS patients. This could help improving disease management and patients’ quality of life.”
Cerebral Blood Flow Is Reduced in Severe ME/CFS Patients During Mild Orthostatic Stress Testing: An Exploratory Study at 20 Degrees of Head-Up Tilt Testing
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) – 13 June 2020 – Conclusions: “Using a less demanding 20 degree tilt test for 15 min in severe ME/CFS patients resulted in a mean CBF decline of 27%. This is comparable to the mean 26% decline previously noted in less severely affected patients studied during a 30-min 70 degree head-up tilt. These observations have implications for the evaluation and treatment of severely affected individuals with ME/CFS.”
A Unifying Hypothesis of the Pathophysiology of ME/CFS: Recognitions from the finding of autoantibodies against ß2-adrenergic receptors
Wirth & Scheibenbogen (Germany) – 01 April 2020 – This is a compilation of many studies. While studies in this report may have used various criteria, the only criteria cited is the ICC. ~MEI
2019
Elevated blood lactate in resting conditions correlate with post-exertional malaise severity in patients with ME/CFS
Ghali, Lacout, Ghali, Gury, Beucher, Lozac’h, Lavigne & Urbanski (France) –
11 December 2019
Reduced glycolytic reserve in isolated natural killer cells from ME/CFS patients: A preliminary investigation
Nguyen, Staines, Johnston & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – June 2019
Diagnostic sensitivity of 2-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing in ME/CFS
Nelson, Buckley, Thomson, Clark, Kwiatek & Davison (Australia) – 14 March 2019
2018
Blood Volume Status in ME/CFS Correlates With the Presence or Absence of Orthostatic Symptoms: Preliminary Results
M.C. van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) – 15 November 2018
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – Evidence for an autoimmune disease
F.Sotzny, J.Blanco, E.Capelli, J.Castro-Marrero, S.Steiner, M.Murovska & C.Scheibenbogen on behalf of EUROMENE (Germany, Spain, Italy & Latvia) – June 2018
Decreased Expression of TRPM3 and mAChRM3 in the Small Intestine in CFS/ME
S. Marshall-Gradisnik, M. Fretel, N. Eaton, H. Cabanas, C. Balinas, V. Gopalan, D. Petersen, R. Passmore, K. Tang, M. Haque, A. Lam, & D. Staines (Australia) – May 2018
Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channels in the Etiology and Pathomechanism of CFS/ME
Staines, Du Preez, Cabanas, Balinas, Eaton, Passmore, Maksoud, Redmayne & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – 22 May 2018
The etiologic relation between disequilibrium and orthostatic intolerance in patients with ME (CFS)
Miwa & Inoue (Japan) – 26 March 2018
2017
Novel characterisation of mast cell phenotypes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CFS/ME patients
Nguyen, Johnston, Chacko, Gibson, Cepon, Smith, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – June 2017 – Conclusions: “This preliminary study investigates mast cell phenotypes from PBMCs in healthy controls. We report significant increase of naïve MCs in moderate and severe CFS/ME patients compared with healthy controls. Moreover, a significant increase in CD40 ligand and MHC-II receptors on differentiated mast cells in severe CFS/ME patients. Peripheral MCs may be present in CFS/ME pathology however, further investigation to determine their role is required.”
2016
Autonomic correlations with MRI are abnormal in the brainstem vasomotor centre in CFS
Barndena, Kwiatekc, Croucha, Burnet & Del Fante (Australia) – 2016
A Preliminary Comparative Assessment of the Role of CD8+ T Cells in CFS/ME and MS
Brenu, Broadley, Nguyen, Johnston, Ramos, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – 04 January 2016
Epidemiological characteristics of CFS/ME in Australian patients
Johnston, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – 17 May 2016
Dysregulation of Protein Kinase Gene Expression in NK Cells from CFS/ME Patients
Chacko, Staines, Johnston & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – 28 August 2016
2015
A Comparison of Cytokine Profiles of CFS/ME and Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Wong, Nguyen, Brenu, Broadley, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – 29 October 2015
Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with CFS
Loebel, Grabowski, Heidecke, Bauer, Hanitsch, Wittke, Meisel, Reinke, Volk, Fluge, Mella & Scheibenbogen (Germany, Norway) – 19 September 2015 – Results: “We found significantly higher autoantibody levels against M3 and M4 AChR and β2 AdR in CFS patients compared to controls. Crossreactivity between all 5 M and β1 and β2 AdR but also between M and β receptor was seen in a substantial portion of CFS patients as shown for M4 in Fig. 1C. The highest correlation was found between M3 and M4 receptor antibodies (r = 0.87), the lowest for M1 and M4 receptor antibodies (r = 0.59).”
Pilot Study of Natural Killer Cells in CFS/ME and Multiple Sclerosis
Huth, Brenu, Ramos, Nguyen, Broadley, Staines & Marshall‐Gradisnik (Australia) – 18 September 2015
2014
Neuroinflammation in Patients with CFS/ME: An ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study
Nakatomi, Mizuno, Wada, Tanaka, Tazawa, Onoe, Fukuda, Kawabe, Takahashi, Kataoka, Shiomi, Yamaguti, Inaba, Kuratsune & Watanabe (Japan) – 24 March 2014
2013
Immune Abnormalities in Patients Meeting New Diagnostic Criteria for CFS/ME
Brenu, Johnston, Hardcastle, Huth, Fuller, Ramos, Staines and Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) – 14 November 2013
Note: Some studies included patients who fit additional criteria as well as ICC.
Click HERE to access our page of additional studies that used the CCC for patient criteria.
Note: Some studies use various labels (ME/CFS, CFS, CFS/ME) due to the inconsistent use of these labels worldwide. This list focuses on the research subjects used showing research is applicable to myalgic encephalomyelitis.
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